Bookkeeping vs Accounting

The terms bookkeeping and accounting is almost always used interchangeably in the small business industry. There is a difference in bookkeeping and accounting in business. Businesses need both bookkeeping and accounting functions and will get greater results by having both.

Bookkeeping is recording business transactions in the general ledger, the books or software program that contains all the financial transactions for the firm since its operation started.

Accounting is the process of interpreting, measuring and communicating the results of the business activities to the owners.

Bookkeeping

Bookkeeping is the day-to-day process of recording and categorizing transactions, and reconciling bank statements. Bookkeepers enter sales, generate invoices, expenses, cash and bank transactions of the business into an accounting system, which post transactions into the ledger accounts. An important habit to develop when the business starts is recording all transactions into an accounting system. Accuracy is very important to the company’s finances.

The complexity of the bookkeeping process will depend on the size of the business and number of transactions, daily, weekly, and monthly.

To provide adequate financial information for the company accountant to generate financial statements and file taxes, the following accounts should be setup:

  1. Cash
  2. Bank
  3. Accounts Receivables
  4. Inventory
  5. Accounts Payable
  6. Loan Payable
  7. Income Accounts
  8. Expense Accounts
  9. Owners’ Draw

Bookkeeping Methods

There are two methods of bookkeeping, single-entry and the double-entry. Most business use the double-entry bookkeeping systems where every transaction entered to an account has correspond opposite entry of a different account: (1) debit entries to one or more accounts and (2) credit entries to one or more accounts.

For example:  a purchase of $39.00 for gas would be posted to two accounts; a debit entry to an expense account for Car expenses, and a credit entry to the Bank account/or Cash account.

The important factor for accounting is that the total dollar amount of the debit entries must be equal to the credit entries.  To ensure accuracy and efficiency it is usually best for the bookkeeper to work closely with an accountant.

Accounting

Accounting is the process of interpreting, measuring and communicating financial information. It provides the business owner with information about the allocation of the company resources, finances and the results achieved during a specific period.

The accounting function is to prepare, analyze and interpret the company financial health. The accountant use information provided by the bookkeeper to generate financial statements and presentation to support the financial status of the company. Another function of accounting is the preparation of tax and other required financial report or materials as per the company’s needs.

Accounting Methods

There are two methods of accounting, cash basis and accrual basis. The accrual basis account should be used if a business has inventory or is subjected to audit according to the General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), established by the Financial Accounting Standard Boards (FASB).

Cash-based accounting records revenue when it is received and records expenses when they are paid. This method is simpler than accrual basis accounting and is usually limited to businesses in the service industry that has no inventory.

Accrual basis accounting method records revenues when it is earned, and records expenses when it is incurred. The important concept in accrual accounting is the matching principle. Where Revenue is offset with all expenses incurred in generating the revenue, thus providing a measure of the overall profitability of the activity during an accounting period.

Most small businesses outsource the accounting function and, in some cases, neglect the bookkeeping functions. In some small businesses both the bookkeeping and accounting functions are outsourced. If the business outsourced both bookkeeping and accounting, the owner needs to be familiar and understand the reports from the process.

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Why do you need a living will

 

Living will is a legal document that provides medical instructions while one is alive but unable to communicate their wishes. Unlike healthcare proxy the living will gives advance directive concerning medical care or end of life decisions.   Whereas the health care proxy designates another person to make health care decisions when you are unable to do so. Having a living will help the medical professional to make decision on treatments during the time of critical health issues.

It is important to have a living will to communicate your wishes to loved ones as it related to medical treatment or end of fife decision so it will eliminate assumptions.

Here is what some experts had to say about this topic:

 

This is one of those things you don’t think you need until you need it and then it is too late. Having a living will means no one has to assume what your wishes are. Also, it can prevent additional confusion during a very stressful time. Having a loved one that is sick to the point that they cannot represent themselves is stressful enough. Trying to figure out what their wishes are can be agonizing. Vanessa Collins, Vanessa Collins LLC,

 

Having a living will is important because it helps take the guest work out of what you desires are. It helps ease the burden for the family because things need to be done by your wishes. Loss is already hard so the burden needs to alleviate some of the pain they feel. Katrina Henderson, Get Back to Beautiful,

 

Living wills are important because they allow an individual to put their wishes and desires on paper. It takes the guessing out of end of life decisions. The focus will be on what the individual wants and not what family members decide. NyKedtra Brown, Zing Life Services,

 

 

Having a living will takes the stress off family members with trying to decide on what you would want. And prevents division in the family. As one of Jehovah’s Witnesses, I do not except blood. So I keep a directive card on me at all times in case of an accident. It states what I personally do and do not accept.

Michelle Smith-Landon, Landon These Deals

 

It is important to have a living will so your family does not have to guess what your wishes are and it will keep down the confusion amongst family members. When it is written down it can be shared w/those family members that are not as involved w/their care as their caregivers.

 

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Here are six key components financial plan must have

 

There are six key components that every financial plan must have, financial goals, retirement plan, estate plan, insurance, debt management and assistance. Although each of these components are in itself complete the financial plan will not be complete or effective without each components.

Financial goals

A Financial plan without a goal is not plan. Like with any journey you have to decide where you want to go before you start the journey.  Therefore, to start the financial planning process you must decide where you want to be financially. That means deciding how much money you need to be financially free.

After deciding how much you need to be financially free then set financials goals that will help you on the journey to financial freedom.  There are three major goals that will help you along the journey long-term, intermediate, and short term.

Retirements Planning

Building a retirement plan might sound very complicated but with right information you can create a plan that is right for you. Retirement plan is very important part of the financial plan.

Retirement Planning will include 401k, 403b, etc., Roth IRA’s, Annuities., to name a few. There is other investment that can be included in retirement planning but be careful when planning.

Estate Planning

Estate planning is making a plan in advance that will manage the individual assets in the event of incapacitation or death. This will include wills, both last testament and living, power of attorney and trust.

Insurance

Insurance provides coverage against accident, injury or loss. There are five basis insurance everyone should have.

  1. Health Insurance
  2. Car Insurance
  3. Homeowners/Renters
  4. Life Insurance
  5. Disability

Insurance forms one of the key component of the financial planning since it protects your assets.

Debt Management

Managing debt will move you along the financial freedom journey quickly. Having a plan to reduce debt as a part of the financial plan is key.   Reducing or eliminating debt will then free up money.

Assistance to others

Taking care of others if not included in the financial plan will put a strain on your finances. Therefore, it is important to include minor children-college fund, caring for elderly, and charities as a part of the financial plan.

Building a financial plan may sound complicated, but with the help of a financial professional you can create a plan that is right for you. If you have been procrastinating about any of these component now is the time to begin with a discovery call.

 

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How long to keep Financial Documents

 

Knowing how long to keep financial documents is essential to staying organize. The time to keep documents will vary depending on the purpose and the need. Some documents should be kept permanently while others will span anywhere from 3 – 7 years

A good rule of thumb when in doubt, keep the document longer if necessary. It is better to have too much than too little.

 Keep Permanently

Birth/Marriage /Divorce Record

Legal Documents and court papers

IRA’s. Mutual Funds, Stocks and Bonds Certificate of Deposit (CD)

Wills, trust, living wills and powers of attorney

Medical History: List of all medications, diagnosis, summaries of recent appointments.

Real estate: deeds and titles, birth/marriage/divorce records, passports

 

Trash after Three years to seven years

Use best judgment for these documents it is better to err on the path of too much. This list might adjusted to the individual needs.

Bank Statements, Credit Statements

Tax returns and supporting documents, such as W-2, donation records, 1099’s Business receipts etc.

Large appliance purchase, Warranties and service records (or until expires whichever comes first)

 

One month to one year

Utilities bills

Recurring monthly statements

Statements received quarterly

Store Receipts that will fade

 

Where to keep these documents

Securing financial document is very important, proper care must be put in place to ensure safety. Financial documents can either stored the old fashion way in a filing cabinet or electronic. Use a fireproof safe that can secure for permanent financial documents. Some financial document should not store electronic.

 

Whether a filing cabinet or computer used to store financial documents that will trashed after the selected period care should take when deposing of sensitive documents. Documents that has information such as Social Security, date of birth, account numbers especially should be shredded. Here is some helpful information to help you delete files containing financial documents from the computer. In the article “Permanently delete files from any device” it tells how to delete files from the computer.

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Organize your Financial Documents

  1. Can you easily locate financial documents? Do you know where to find your car title? Can you answer important question for your loved if they can’t talk?  If you answer “no” to any of these question, no need to panic- some adjustment towards getting organized will be necessary.

Organizing your important financial and legal documents can help to reduce stress and prepared for unexpected events.  Here are some steps to consider when organizing your documents, how long to keep records, where to store or keep records, when to update or renew information and communicate to family members.

10 ways to categories documents

Financial/Money Documents

Bank statements, Credit card information and statements, loans records

Investments

IRA’s. Mutual Funds, Stocks and Bonds Certificate of Deposit (CD)

Income Tax

Tax returns, all documents such as W-2, 1099’s Business receipts etc.

Insurance

Original Policy documents, statements or any related documents

Estate Documents

Wills, trust, living wills and powers of attorney

Legal Documents

Real estate: deeds and titles, birth/marriage/divorce records, passports

Employment Related documents

Retirement and other benefits

Home Records

Large appliance purchase, Warranties and service records, list of all content in the home

Medical History

List of all medications, diagnosis, summaries of recent appointments.

Written Instruction

Leave instruction of any request, family history or wishes.

 

Now that the records are organized, the next question is: how long do you might want to know how long do you have to keep all these records.

According to the IRS there are different time period varying from 3 years to 7 years.

The standard recommendation is to keep Bank Statements, Credit Statements and other statements for 7 years.

All legal, estate and Retirement documents should be kept permanently.

When in doubt keep the document longer if necessary. It is better to have it and not need it than need it and don’t have it.

 

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Financial Checkup

When is the last time you had a financial checkup?

Getting a checkup is vital and important to any aspect of one’s life. Therefore, getting a financial checkup plays a very important part in one’s financial life. Getting a financial check will help to know where one stands financial. It will help to identify areas that has weakness which will allow one to plan effectively.

It’s becoming more and more prevalent to find individuals who have never done a financial checkup.  People avoid financial checkup for various reasons. Some of those reasons are:

  1. Afraid of the result
  2. Think it is costly
  3. Avoiding the reality
  4. Think they can manage on their own.
  5. Financial literacy

Afraid of the result

Doing a financial checkup might reveal some chorionic financial diseases that is common today. Such the Cancer of Debt, the diabetes of no emergency savings or heart attach of filing bankruptcy.

Costly

Often time people are afraid of getting a financial checkup because they think it is costly. While getting a comprehensive financial plan done will have a cost attached to it there are simple and inexpensive way to get a financial checkup.

Avoidance

Some avoid the financial checkup because they are aware of their financial situation are afraid of what needs to be done to take care of their situation.

Financial Literacy

This is a topic that is rarely taught in schools. Most gets their financial education from parent or the school of hard knocks. While there are a several lessons to be learned from either. Seeking adequate knowledge to make productive financial decision is key. Even with the explosion of the internet people still find it difficult to get financial checkup.

If you have not had a financial check schedule one today or use this simple checkup sheet to see where you are.

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Managing Personal Cash Flow

What is Cash Flow?

Cash flow is money moving (flowing) in and out of your household monthly. It seems money only flows out of the bank – but it does flow both ways.

Cash comes in from paycheck, interest, tax refund, gifts, business or hobby, side hustle, rental property, etc.

Cash flows out to bills or expenses (see the categories of expense explained in week 5), debt (creditors) and savings.

When cash flowing in exceeds cash flowing out then there is a positive cash flow and you can now save for emergency, retirement and investment.

If cash flowing out exceeds or is more than cash flowing in then one has to find a way to make up shortfall.

Keeping a record and recording how cash flows in and out of your household will help you to better manage your finances.

Here are some tips on how to watch you cash flow

  1. Track your spending to see where your money is going
  2. Track you income, where it comes from and how often
  3. Watch cash flow weekly make note of how much cash you have at the begin of the week and note where that cash goes during the week
  4. Look for spending pattern of cash.
  5. Get a useful tool to help you watch your cash flow: , spreadsheet.
  6. Align your cash flow with you budget.

Why Cash Flow is So Important

Lack of cash will cause increase debt and causes lack of financial security. Which leads to living from paycheck to paycheck. Inadequate cash will decrease savings.

Not watching will leads to overspending.

It will take the stress out of money management when you track cash flow.

Tracking cash flow will help to know when cash is available.

 

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How to cut cost

Cutting cost is essential to staying on track on the financial freedom journey to becoming financial fit.  These tips are not inclusive of all one can do to cut cost. However, implementing some of these tips will reduce expenses and help on the journey to financial fitness.

Brown bag lunch.

This tip while not new has been so much is that it works! If buying lunch at work costs $5, but making lunch at home costs only $2.50, then in a year, you could afford to create a $500 emergency fund and still have money left over.

Commit to eating out one fewer time each month.

Save money without sacrificing lifestyle by taking small steps to reduce dining out budget. Start off by eating out one (1) or two (2) times less per week.  As time progresses decrease dining out time slowly to suit the budget.

Plan meals in advance

Planning meals in advance and making grocery list will help in cutting cost on food. Planning meals will help to cut out overspending on grocery and waste. Using a grocery list will help with overspending and unnecessary buys.  The annual savings could easily be hundreds of dollars.

Shop by unit price.

Many grocery stores list a cost by unit of each item, such as the price by ounce or pound. Use these stickers when comparison shopping for the same product, just in a different size.

Stick to water.

It’s standard in the restaurant industry to mark up the cost of alcohol by three to five times. So, an easy way to cut down on your restaurant spending without changing your habits too drastically is to skip the drinks, alcoholic and nonalcoholic.

Save time and money by doubling the recipe.

When making the family favorite meal, double the recipe and freeze the leftovers for another day. That way two meals will be prepared which will allow efficient use of the ingredient with less waste. Aluminum pans of various sizes can be bought, especially when buying bulk, and make freezing and reheating a snap.

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Categorize Expenses

Categorizing the budget help with understanding where money goes, therefore giving the opportunity to redirect expenses.  In this challenge the ideal is to maximize saving by spending less.  Prioritizing expenses to take care of need is the ultimate goal. There are nine major categories of spending. Eight of these categories can be considered needs. The ninth one is a “don’t need”, but it is where some of your money is going.

The nine categories are:

GIVING

In your budget consider taking out your tithes and offering first before and put it aside. We are admonished to give 10% but you can decide in your heart the amount that you want to start with and work your way up to 10%. Like everything that is in your budget let it be realistic and manageable so you can do it consistently.

SAVING

is considered paying yourself first. Which means you put money aside before you pay your bills. Your goal is to be paying yourself at least 10% of what you earn.

SHELTER

is often the larges expense. The following expenses fall into this category: mortgage, rent, property taxes, electricity, water, gas, heating oil, maintenance, home phone, cell phone, cable or satellite, televisions, internet, and storage. There might be other items you might need to include in the category.

FOOD AND DRINK

includes your groceries, dining out, snacks, vending machine purchases and morning coffee rituals

CLOTHING

is an essential need. Some items to include in this category are shoes, laundry, dry cleaning, some accessories and alteration cost.

TRANSPORTATION

includes car payments or lease, gas, vehicle taxes, maintenance, parking, subway, bus pass, tolls and taxi fares.

INSURANCE

include your home or renter’s insurance, car insurance, health insurance, disability insurance, long-term care insurance and life insurance. Everyone might not need every type of insurance mention.

PERSONAL/MISCELLANEOUS

this category is combine of everything that does not fit in the seven category mention above. They are some of the items that will fall in this category: accessories for hear and beauty, alimony, child support, entertainment, medicine, pets, hobbies, gifts (birthday, graduation, Christmas etc.), movies magazines and vacations

DEBT AND CREDIT CARDS

paying on your debt or credit card is not a spending category because it is not a need. Include all debt other than mortgage and car loans in this category.

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How to Establish a Budget

 

 

Setting up a Budget will help to manage one’s money. Most often people associate budget with limit but a budget will give flexibility with how money spend, save or earned. There is no need to exclude fun stuff from one’s live style because of a budget.

Budgeting is knowing where money is going and it gives the capacity to redirect money to address the needs that are greatest.

Budget must be realistic so it can be adjusted to one’s lifestyle, it is not a one size fits all. To be effective budget must be written and updated often to either includes or excludes expenses or incomes.

Tips to Set up a Budget

Here are some useful tips when Setting up a Budget.

  1. Make a list of all Incomes
  2. Make a list of expenses
  3. Include taxes
  4. Make a list of All Debt no matter how small
  5. Put a line in your Budget for Entertainment
  6. Miscellaneous
  7. Make a list of all Savings:
    1. Retirement
    2. Emergency
    3. Other Short-term expenses such as Car, Vacation
    4. College Fund (if applicable)
    5. Other Dependent
  8. Include family member as part of the budget. Such as spouse and children.
  9. Use a spreadsheet that can be easily adjusted as needed.
  10. Get help from a professional: Accountant, Financial Adviser or Financial Coach.
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